Background：

Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis， utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. It is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core， F1， and the membrane-spanning component， Fo， which comprises the proton channel. The F1 complex consists of 5 different subunits (alpha， beta， gamma， delta， and epsilon) assembled in a ratio of 3 alpha， 3 beta， and a single representative of the other 3. The Fo seems to have nine subunits (a， b， c， d， e， f， g， F6 and 8). This gene encodes the d subunit of the Fo complex. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. In addition， three pseudogenes are located on chromosomes 9， 12 and 15.