Background：

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase that operates in the calcium-triggered CaMKK-CaMK1 signaling cascade and， upon calcium influx， regulates transcription activators activity， cell cycle， hormone production， cell differentiation， actin filament organization and neurite outgrowth. Recognizes the substrate consensus sequence [MVLIF]-x-R-x2-[ST]-x3-[MVLIF]. Regulates axonal extension and growth cone motility in hippocampal and cerebellar nerve cells. Upon NMDA receptor-mediated Ca2+ elevation， promotes dendritic growth in hippocampal neurons and is essential in synapses for full long-term potentiation (LTP) and ERK2-dependent translational activation. Downstream of NMDA receptors， promotes the formation of spines and synapses in hippocampal neurons by phosphorylating ARHGEF7/BETAPIX on ’Ser-694’， which results in the enhancement of ARHGEF7 activity and activation of RAC1. Promotes neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth by activation and phosphorylation of MARK2 on ’Ser-91