AKT1 is one of 3 closely related serine/threonine-protein kinases (AKT1， AKT2 and AKT3) called the AKT kinase， and which regulate many processes including metabolism， proliferation， cell survival， growth and angiogenesis. This is mediated through serine and/or threonine phosphorylation of a range of downstream substrates. Over 100 substrate candidates have been reported so far， but for most of them， no isoform specificity has been reported. AKT is responsible of the regulation of glucose uptake by mediating insulin-induced translocation of the SLC2A4/GLUT4 glucose transporter to the cell surface (By similarity). Phosphorylation of PTPN1 at ’Ser-50’ negatively modulates its phosphatase activity preventing dephosphorylation of the insulin receptor and the attenuation of insulin signaling (By similarity). Phosphorylation of TBC1D4 triggers the binding of this effector to inhibitory 14-3-3 proteins， which is required for insulin-stimulated glucose transport (PubMed:11994271).