Product Introduction:

Northricin is an antibacterial agent produced by the soil bacterium Streptomyces Northricin, belonging to a subclass of antibiotics with a chemical structure of Streptomyces (STs). Streptothrin consists of carboxylated glucosamine molecules with atypical amino acids (streptolidine) and 1-7 lysine residue polymers (ST-F through ST-A and ST-X) (Khoklov & Shutova, 1972). Naturally derived Northricin is a mixture of ST-F and ST-D.

Similar to many glucosaminoside antibiotics, such as kanamycin, gentamicin, and hydomycin B, Northricin inhibits protein synthesis. However, the structure of Northricin is not related to that of this class of antibiotics and is thought to have a different mechanism (Cundliffe, 1989). Northricin is widely and effectively used to inhibit the growth of many prokaryotes and has also been used to inhibit the growth of eukaryotes such as various yeasts, fungi, protozoa, insects, and plants (Hamano, Matsuura, Kitamura, Takagi, 2006). The nat1 gene isolated from S. Noursei is resistant to northricin. Enzymes encoded by the nat1 gene can acetylate β-amino group (S) on the β-lysine group of STs (Kobayashi, Horinouchi, Uozumi, Beppu, 1987; Krugel, Fiedler, Haupt, Sarfert, Simon 1988). The nat1 gene has been shown to function in several exogenous systems, making it a valuable screening tool in the field of molecular genetics. Designs of various cloning vectors for targeted gene knockout or as stable alternative plasmids have been developed and widely used (Goldstein & McCusker, 1999; Taxis & Knopp, 2006; Hamano, Matsuura, Kitamura, Takagi, 2006). Recent studies have identified another Northricin resistance gene, sttH, whose activity generates specific resistance to yeast through a unique resistance mechanism, but the bacteria are not resistant to it (Hamano, Matsurra, Kitamura, Takagi, 2006). The STTH-encoded enzyme converts STs to its acidic form by hydrolyzing the lactam ring of streptothritin.

Northricin is effective at relatively low concentrations, with typical selective concentrations for most organisms dropping between 50-200μg/mL. The nat1 gene has not been shown to be cross-resistant to a range of other antibiotics and can therefore be used in combination with other dominant resistance marker genes (Haupt, Jona 'k, Rychlik, Thrum, 1980). Northricin has not been used as a therapeutic antibiotic and is said to have very little resistance to clinical bacterial isolates. Northricin is a particularly useful screening agent for yeast molecular biology. Unlike some nutritional deficiency markers, the inhibitory effect of northritin has no effect on yeast growth rates and can be used to screen industrial or wild yeasts that lack available nutritional markers (Goldstein & McCusker, 1999).

Use and synthesis method:

streptomycin antibiotics (NTC) are suitable for broad-spectrum bacteria and other single-celled or complex organisms. The antibiotic of choice for genetically modified gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, filamentous fungi, protozoa, microalgae, plants, etc. The selection of recombinant strains was based on the NTC inactivation of ?-aminomonoacetylation of ?-lysine by Nouresothricin N-acetyltransferase, a product of sat1 or nat1 genes.

To select recombinant Leishmania strains, Nurseulamycin (NTC) was added to the growth medium to a final concentration of 100 g/ml.

Note :

(1) For cell experiments, after dissolution, disposable needle filter must be used to remove bacteria.

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