| CAS |
472-61-7 |
| Chinese Name |
虾青素 |
| English Name |
Astaxanthin |
| Synonyms |
β-Carotene-4，4-dione;trans-Astaxanthin;AstaXin;AstaREAL;Ovoester |
| Molecular Formula |
C40H52O4 |
| Molecular Weight |
596.84 |
| Solubility |
Soluble in DMSO ≥2mg/mL(This product is not stable in solution, it is recommended that you use it now) |
| Purity |
HPLC≥97% |
| Appearance |
Dark cyan to dark purple Solid |
| Storage |
Powder:-20℃，1 year |
| EC |
EINECS 207-451-4 |
| MDL |
MFCD00672621 |
| SMILES |
CC(/C=C/C(C(C)(C[C@H](O)C1=O)C)=C1C)=C\C=C\C(C)=C\C=C\C=C(C)\C=C\C=C(C)\C=C\C(C(C)(C[C@H](O)C2=O)C)=C2C |
| InChIKey |
MQZIGYBFDRPAKN-UWFIBFSHSA-N |
| InChI |
InChI=1S/C40H52O4/c1-27(17-13-19-29(3)21-23-33-31(5)37(43)35(41)25-39(33,7)8)15-11-12-16-28(2)18-14-20-30(4)22-24-34-32(6)38(44)36(42)26-40(34,9)10/h11-24,35-36,41-42H,25-26H2,1-10H3/b12-11+,17-13+,18-14+,23-21+,24-22+,27-15+,28-16+,29-19+,30-20+/t35-,36-/m0/s1 |
| PubChem CID |
5281224 |
| Target Point |
PPAR |
| Passage |
Cell Cycle;DNA Damage/DNA Repair;Metabolic Enzyme&Protease |
| Background |
Astaxanthin， a carotenoid， is a regulator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ， which plays an active role in anticancer cell proliferation， increasing apoptosis， and weakening migration and invasion by activating PPARγ and reducing the expression of STAT3 and related pathway proteins. Astaxanthin is an antioxidant that has research potential for cardiovascular disease. |
| Biological Activity |
Astaxanthin (β-Carotene-4,4'-dione, Trans-Astaxanthin), a xanthophyll carotenoid, is a nutrient with unique cell membrane actions and diverse clinical benefits with excellent safety and tolerability.[1-2] |
| In Vitro |
Astaxanthin is a carotenoid nutrient with molecular properties that precisely position it within cell membranes and circulating lipoproteins，thereby imbuing them with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. Astaxanthin also effectively protects the double membrane system of mitochondria，to the point of boosting their energy production efficiency. In cultured cells，astaxanthin protects the mitochondria against endogenous oxygen radicals，conserves their redox(antioxidant)capacity，and enhances their energy production efficiency. Astaxanthin has also protected human LDL against oxidative attack. Astaxanthin specifically protects the mitochondria of cultured nerve cells against toxic attack and stimulates the proliferation of cultured nerve stem cells. It effectively protects cultured nerve cells against hydrogen peroxide toxicity，and down-regulates genes linked to cell death and up-regulates genes linked to cell survival[1]. |
| In Vivo |
In pharmacokinetic studies，after ingestion of esterified natural astaxanthin，only unesterified astaxanthin appears in the blood. Astaxanthin's bioavailability is substantially affected by meal timing and by smoking. Supplementation with astaxanthin may lower lipid peroxidation in vivo. Astaxanthin significantly improves the memory performance of mice in the Morris water maze. It has demonstrated safety in numerous human clinical trials. The doses of astaxanthin used in clinical trials have ranged from 1 mg/day to 40 mg/day(with the majority in the 6-12 mg range); single-dose pharmacokinetic studies use up to 100 mg per dose[1]. |
| Cell Experiment |
In vivo tests were performed in BALB/c mice(4-6 weeks old)infected with Trypanosoma cruzi and supplemented with ASTX(10 mg/kg/day)and/or nifurtimox(NFMX; 100 mg/kg/day). Results show that ASTX has some detrimental effects on axenically cultured parasites，but not when cultured with mammalian cell monolayers. In vivo，ASTX did not have any therapeutic value against acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection，used either alone or in combination with NFMX. Infected animals treated with NFMX or ASTX/NFMX survived the experimental period(60 days)，while infected animals treated only with ASTX died before day 30 post-infection. ASTX did not show any effect on the control of parasitemia; however，it was associated with an increment in focal heart lymphoplasmacytic infiltration，a reduced number of amastigote nests in cardiac tissue，and less hyperplasic spleen follicles when compared to control groups. Unexpectedly，ASTX showed a negative effect in infected animals co-treated with NFMX. An increment in parasitemia duration was observed，possibly due to ASTX blocking of free radicals，an anti-parasitic mechanism of NFMX. In conclusion，astaxanthin is not recommended during the acute phase of Chagas disease，either alone or in combination with nifurtimox.[2] |
| Animal Experiment |
Vero cells(5 × 103/well)are seeded and cultured for 24 h and then infected with trypomastigotes(10 parasites/cell). Once intracellular parasites are observed(about 96 h after infection)，the old medium is replaced with fresh supplemented DMEM with different ASTX(Astaxanthin)doses(1，5，10，20，or 30 μg/100 μL). As a control，co-cultures are kept with NFMX(400 μg/100 μL)or with no ASTX or NFMX supplementation. After 24 h of incubation，microscopic morphological changes in the co-culture，such as loss of normal shape of T. cruzi infected Vero cell，changes of normal parasite shape or motility，and variations in the presence of intra- or extra-cellular parasites are evaluated by a trained technician. Additionally，parasite viability is evaluated by Trypan blue stain assay.[2] |
| Data Literature Source |
[1] Kidd P，et al. Altern Med Rev. 2011，16(4):355-64.
[2] Contreras-Ortiz JME，et al. Parasite. 2017，24:17. |
| Unit |
Bottle |
| Specification |
5mg 10mg 20mg |
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